is, of course, identified with Karl Marx (1818–1883), the German philosopher whose Communist Manifesto (1848) and other writings so influenced world history for much of the past century and continues to influence certain cultures in the early years of the present century. Marx, who was influenced by Hegel, combined elements of progress and historicism and applied the insights to economics and politics. According to Bebbington, in Marx’s view of the past, “the starting-point is that man is the maker